朗阁超级干货|托福阅读推理题攻略

来源：石家庄朗欧教育学校时间：2019/11/11 16:42:05

备考过及参加过托福考试的同学都有一个共同的感觉，所有题型中那个推理题不好解答。同学们的抱怨经常是找不到，不知道度如何把握。那么今天石家庄朗阁教育的阅读老师带大家一起来探讨一下推理型题目的相关知识吧。

首先看一下OG的解说These questions measure your ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is strongly implied but NOT explicitly stated in the text.

所以，推断题指文中包含推断所需信息，强烈暗示，但未直接陈述出来，需要考生：

• 从已知到未知

• 从客观到主观

• 从原文迈出一步

推理题题型辨别：题干中常用词：infer，imply，suggest，probably，most likely

least likely

试卷中所占比重：每篇0到3题，共3到5题。

常用题型表达：

• What can be inferred about hurricane?

• It/what can be inferred from

• Which of the following can be inferred…

• What probably occurred……

推理题的出题思路可以分为：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索) 如：

2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

○They are considered by some to be reptiles.

○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索如Which of the following can be inferred?我们无法用题目核心词确定目标句。

从解题思路来说，可以分为逆向推理和正向推理

逆向推理一般应用在形成对比的事物或者时间段

根据两个事物的对比特征出题，问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：

What can be inferred about early sea otters?

A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

B. There were great numbers of them.

C. They lived in the sea only.

D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

据题干中的early sea otters 确定的原文目标句Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)， it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.目标句告诉我们的是early sea otters和first whales不像，所以我们可以把first whales的特点反过来就是答案了。所以本题选择A。

再来看一个时间对比的例子：这类推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。如：

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

— families were larger.

— population statistics were unreliable.

— the population grew steadily.

— economic conditions were bad.

利用题干关键词before the Industrial Revolution 定位到Basic on any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.因为目标中提到since the time of the Industrial Revolution，smaller families，所以之前应该是大家庭。答案选择A。

但是有时候需要略微转化一下原文和选项如：

What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

Ÿ They were truly “silent”.

Ÿ They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

Ÿ They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.

Ÿ They corresponded (related) to specific musical compositions.

根据题干1927，找到目标句Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment.

并且可以得到结论after 1927，电影应该是有声的。可是选项里面后三个都是有声的，所以要进一步确定有什么声音。从原文第二句可以看出，音乐声是一开始都有的，所以此题的有声是指演员说话声。所以选择C.

总结一下有共性的题目的解题思路：读题干，确定是推理题

1. 读题干，确定是推理题

2. 识别题干中关键词

3. 定位原文目标句

4. 仔细阅读目标句，做出合适推理

5. 浏览选项，得出答案（正向选择加排除法）

另外一种经典推理思路是正向推理法。

正向推理的条件：整体和部分特质一致

A: 给定段落中无推理对象

B: 举例引发的整体和部分推理

如：Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Ÿ Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period

ŸDroughts caused by the movement of seaways back into the oceans.

Ÿ The change from mild to severe climates during the Late Cretaceous period

ŸAn extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,000years

Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.

从目标句不难看出答案是C

因为推理题很多时候答案不明确，所以排除法很重要，Cathy老师帮大家总结出了干扰项的特点及答案的特点。

— 与原文矛盾，或者逻辑混乱

— 比较题,

— 选项使用词all, always, every, any, only, must, never , none, impossible, can’t , the most, the best, the first

— 相对词出现易对如likely, may, possible, probable, perhaps

上述例子基本都是有目标句的，实际考试中也有目标句不明确的情况即无共性的推理题。

无共性的推理题解题思路

1. 读题干，确定是推理题

2. 识别题干中关键词（段几）

3. 浏览目标段

4. 浏览选项，排除，对比得出答案

如：

1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?

○ Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.

○ The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.

○ Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.

○ The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.

Paragraph 1：To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.

通过浏览原文目标段，逐一排除选项，得出答案C

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